One Minute Mentor: Distortion in Tool Steels

July 28, 2024
Source: ASM International

One Minute Mentor: Distortion in Tool Steels

Some of the main interactions  that occur during the heat treatment of steel alloys including temperature, microstructure, and stress/strain. Especially for tool steels these interactions are mainly influenced by the carbon content in the steel matrix, the types and relative amounts of the alloying elements, and the carbide formation/transformation/precipitation characteristics of the alloy system.

Heat treatment involves changes of temperature with time, which determine changes in microstructure. The rate of temperature change results in a change of microstructure which is described by phase transformation kinetics, as in e.g. TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagrams; every phase transformation releases/absorbs latent heat, which influences the temperature field. An inhomogeneous temperature distribution, i.e. temperature gradients, within the tool during heat treatment can generate thermal stresses that lead to plastic deformation, if the yield strength of the material at that temperature is exceeded. Every mechanical deformation generates heat which, in turn, influences the temperature field. Furthermore, there is an interaction between the stress state and the microstructure. Phase transformations can result in micro-plastic deformation, which can be globally described using transformation plasticity models.

For more information, click on the link below (subscription required). Then scroll to Figure 2. R Schneider; R. Mesquita; W Schützenhöfer, Distortion in Tool Steels, ASM International, 2014  https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005980

 

Harper International Receives Order for Scientific Line for Pitch Carbon Fiber


Source: ASM International

Harper International Receives Order for Scientific Line for Pitch Carbon Fiber

Harper International, Buffalo, NY, announces that it has been awarded a contract to engineer and manufacture a Scientific Line for the production of Bitumen Pitch Carbon, which will be installed at Alberta Innovates, located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The facility will be operated by InnoTech Alberta, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alberta Innovates. The equipment delivery and start-up services are scheduled for 2025.

This pilot-scale equipment will be used by researchers as part of the Carbon Fibre Grand Challenge launched by Alberta Innovates. The challenge aims to accelerate the development of large-scale production pathways for short and continuous carbon fiber from bitumen-derived feedstocks. Phase III of the competition will allow projects to demonstrate, in a repeatable manner, the ability to manufacture carbon fiber, incorporate it into prototypes, and understand the techno-economics associated with the designed process.

“Harper is pleased to support Alberta Innovates Carbon Fibre Grand Challenge to successfully create an alternative carbon fiber precursor with our customized Scientific Line. Carbon fiber from bitumen-derived precursor will significantly lower the price and have a smaller environmental impact,” says Briana Tom, Harper Sales Engineer.

Harper International is a world leader in thermal processing solutions for advanced materials. This latest contract highlights their commitment to innovation and supporting sustainable advancements in material science.

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Constellium’s Muscle Shoals facility receives Department of Defense grant to increase casting capacity


Source: ASM International

Constellium’s Muscle Shoals facility receives Department of Defense grant to increase casting capacity

Constellium, Muscle Shoals, AL, announces that its facility has been selected by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) for a $23 million investment under Title III of the Defense Production Act to rebuild its Direct Chill aluminum casting center.

The funding was awarded via the Defense Production Act Investments (DPAI) Program, overseen by the Manufacturing Capability Expansion and Investment Program (MCEIP) in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Industrial Base Policy. Constellium will use the funds to install state-of-the-art casting equipment on the site of a dismantled casting center, adding up to 300 million pounds of annual casting capacity. With this added capacity, the plant expects to increase its recycled input, reduce its use of primary metal, and provide the U.S. industrial base with an additional, self-reliant domestic source of supply for aluminum rolling ingot.

“This investment under the Defense Production Act will enable our industry to meet the rapidly increasing demand for the aluminum products needed not only for our national security but also necessary for the overall U.S. manufacturing sector and a healthy economy,” commented Buddy Stemple, President of Constellium Muscle Shoals. “We are very excited to have this opportunity to partner with the DoD to help strengthen our industrial base.”

Constellium Muscle Shoals is a major aluminum sheet supplier for the packaging and automotive markets. The plant has the capacity to produce over 1 billion pounds per year of finished aluminum coils. Muscle Shoals also operates a world-class recycling center able to recycle the equivalent of 20 billion aluminum cans per year.

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Seco Vacuum delivers Vector Furnace to major automotive supplier in Mexico


Source: ASM International

Seco Vacuum delivers Vector Furnace to major automotive supplier in Mexico

Seco Vacuum, Meadville, PA, announces that an international Tier 1 automotive supplier headquartered in the USA has ordered a Vector vacuum furnace for one of their facilities in Mexico.

The Vector 15VP furnace is capable of a variety of thermal processes. Its hot zone measures 36x36x48 inches (900x900x1200 mm) and has a 3,300 lb. (1500 kg) capacity. It features convection heating and a mechanical vacuum pump system, meeting or exceeding the specifications necessary for the production line’s brazing process.

Typically, SECO/VACUUM furnaces are custom-engineered; however, this particular furnace was fabricated ahead of time as a stock item to meet the contingency of a customer requesting immediate delivery. This strategic move allowed the heat treat partner to quickly and seamlessly ramp up production capacity. Additionally, if production demand shifts, the new Vector vacuum furnace can be easily repurposed for other heat treat processes, offering significant versatility.

“We built this furnace to be ready to be shipped and put into operation very quickly, which is just the solution they were looking for,” said SECO/VACUUM Managing Director Piotr Zawistowski.

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One Minute Mentor: Plasma Nitriding Equipment

July 1, 2024
Source: ASM International

One Minute Mentor: Plasma Nitriding Equipment

Cold-walled (double-walled water-cooled) systems were the first generation of plasma nitriding furnaces. This technology is also a vacuum-based process but employs the principle of glow discharge to provide energy for heating and nitriding at one time. Therefore, the independent control of the temperature stability and the nitriding intensity is not possible because both processes are using the same energy source—the plasma.

The hot-wall plasma nitriding furnaces, the next generation of cold-wall ion nitriding systems, are mainly used and built now. This system ensures optimal nitriding quality by fulfilling the highest demands on temperature and nitriding process control. The big advantage of this technology is the separation of the control of the heating and the plasma nitriding parameters. The heating and temperature control of hot-wall plasma nitriding furnaces is realized by several independent heating/cooling zones, which guarantees optimal temperature homogeneity

For more information, click on the link below (subscription required). Then scroll to Figure 26. R Schneider; R. Mesquita; W Schützenhöfer, Distortion in Tool Steels, ASM International, 2014  https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005958

Solar Manufacturing receives US patent for a control thermocouple for vacuum heat treating furnaces


Source: ASM International

Solar Manufacturing receives US patent for a control thermocouple for vacuum heat treating furnaces

Solar Manufacturing,Sellersville, PA, announced that it has received US Patent #11,815,403 for an innovative control thermocouple design for vacuum heat treating furnaces. This new thermocouple offers a significant advantage in controlling operating temperatures from ambient up to 1200°F (649°C), particularly in smaller diameter hot zones of 36 inches (91.44 cm) or less.

In conventional control thermocouple designs, the outer ceramic protection tube acts as a heat sink under these conditions. This thermal conduction, or heat loss, is compounded by the shorter length of the thermocouple assembly, causing it to operate at a lower temperature. As a result, the furnace’s heating elements increase power output to maintain the set-point temperature, leading to a hotter workload temperature than the furnace temperature. This issue is more pronounced at lower processing temperatures below 1200°F (649°C).

The newly patented thermocouple configuration addresses these undesirable thermal conduction losses. It has demonstrated improvements in temperature uniformity survey results. Meeting AMS 2750 standard temperature uniformity specifications requires control thermocouples to be properly located within the hot zone for accurate survey thermocouple measurements without correction factors.

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Beymetal Alüminyum rethinks innovation to improve Aluminum extrusion


Source: ASM International

Beymetal Alüminyum rethinks innovation to improve Aluminum extrusion

Nitrex, Quebec, announced a collaboration with Beymetal Alüminyum, a leading player in the aluminum extrusion industry based in Türkiye, to modernize their nitriding capabilities.

In its commitment to excellence and pursuit of progress, Beymetal partnered with Nitrex to improve efficiency and scalability in their in-house nitriding operations. The installation of a Nitrex batch-type nitriding/nitrocarburizing furnace has unlocked new possibilities in process efficiency and production capacity for Beymetal.

The NX-1015 furnace model, with a 2,000 kg (4,400 lb.) capacity, is equipped with Nitreg® controlled nitriding and Nitreg®-C controlled nitrocarburizing technologies. These are specifically tailored for treating extrusion dies for aluminum profiles used in architectural applications. This advanced system ensures precise control over uniform case depths and nitride/nitrocarburizing layer formation, enhancing the mechanical properties of the extrusion dies. The result is a longer service life and increased output per die, ultimately lowering overall tooling costs for Beymetal. Additionally, the new installation contributes to more efficient use of production media and reduces electricity consumption.

“This Nitrex system is the first of its kind in Izmir and adds to our impressive record of over 30 installations across Türkiye. When discussing our partnership with Beymetal, it wasn’t solely about implementing a turnkey system but rather about fostering a relationship founded on trust and shared goals. Through a deep understanding of our customer’s needs, Nitrex delivered a solution tailored to their unique aspirations while also ensuring efficiency and sustainability,” noted Utku Inan, Nitrex sales representative in Türkiye.

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Lindberg/MPH ships box furnace with automated load table to the aerospace industry


Source: ASM International

Lindberg/MPH ships box furnace with automated load table to the aerospace industry

Lindberg/MPH, Riverside, MI, announced the shipment of a rod overbend box furnace with an automated load transfer table to the aerospace industry. This furnace will heat-treat parts under an inert atmosphere.

The heat-treating furnace has a maximum temperature rating of 2,000°F and a load capacity of 6,000 lbs. It features a workspace of 36” W x 96” D x 36” H and is designed for a nitrogen atmosphere. A nitrogen gas flow meter controls the atmospheric conditions.

The box furnace includes an automated load transfer table. Under the table, five fans with a variable-frequency drive provide accelerated cooling. The load table utilizes a pusher/puller mechanism to move parts trays in and out of the furnace.

The furnace’s radiant heating system uses heavy-gauge alloy rod over-bend heating elements mounted along the side walls and the floor. Two Watlow F4T controllers control and record the furnace temperature, allowing for seven zones of heating. The box furnace also meets Class 3 temperature uniformity of ±15°F at 1,000°F – 1,800°F.

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The aviation industry chooses Seco/Warwick vacuum furnaces


Source: ASM International

The aviation industry chooses Seco/Warwick vacuum furnaces

Seco/Warwick, Meadville, PA announced that their previous furnace with an aviation industry client will be retired and replaced by a new, economical, and versatile furnace for brazing jet engine parts.

Seco/Warwick has been a recognized metal heat treatment equipment manufacturer for decades. In fact in many plants, units were manufactured in the 1980s and 1990s. The partners are gradually replacing these units with modern solutions, continuing to be loyal to the SECO/WARWICK brand.

“The aviation industry is a very important partner that has been cooperating with Seco/Warwick for decades. This is proof of satisfaction with the products we create, but also an expression of trust. Long-term, strategic, good relationships are key. Our furnaces are designed to operate without failure for many, many years, as evidenced by the replacement of this furnace after so many years,” said Maciej Korecki, vice president of the Vacuum Furnaces Segment at Seco/Warwick Group.

The new solution is based on a standard Vector vacuum furnace with a working space of 900x900x1200 mm, equipped with screen insulation and metal heating elements. It has been specifically adapted to meet the unique needs of the aviation industry, capable of heat treating complex jet engine components such as gears and main shafts.

This latest advancement underscores Seco/Warwick’s dedication to innovation and excellence, ensuring their continued partnership with the aviation industry for years to come.

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One Minute Mentor: Process Control in Nitriding Systems

June 11, 2024
Source: ASM International

One Minute Mentor: Process Control in Nitriding Systems

Modern gas nitriding and nitrocarburizing furnaces are equipped with sensor systems and a process control unit that allow the measurement and automatic control of the nitriding potential (KN). The figure shows an example of how the process control can be carried out. 

Defined amounts of ammonia, nitrogen, and—for nitrocarburizing processes—carbon dioxide, can be chosen for each step in the program and fed into the furnace via mass flow controllers. The gas composition in the retort is measured via a nitriding probe. For the measurement of nitrocarburizing processes two different probes are needed. The control unit calculates the nitriding potential according to the measured values and controls the mass flow of ammonia to meet the requested set point of KN. During the nitriding process the gasifying amount of ammonia can just be reduced to a certain limit. To keep the KN value low, therefore, precracked ammonia must be added. It must be mentioned that there are some more simple control systems available, which also produce good results.

For more information, click on the link below (subscription required). Then scroll to Figure 25. R Schneider; R. Mesquita; W Schützenhöfer, Distortion in Tool Steels, ASM International, 2014  https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005958