Gallium nitride-based semiconductors have been a boon for high-frequency and power electronics. They\u2019ve also revolutionized energy-efficient LED lighting. But no semiconductor wafer has been able to do both at the same time efficiently.<\/p>\n
Cornell University researchers, Ithaca, N.Y., in collaboration with a team at the Polish Academy of Sciences, have developed the first dual-sided \u2013 or \u201cdualtronic\u201d \u2013 chip that combines photonic and electronic functions simultaneously, an innovation that could shrink the size of functional devices, make them more energy efficient and reduce manufacturing costs.<\/p>\n
The team\u2019s paper, \u201cUsing Both Faces of Polar Semiconductor Wafers for Functional Devices,\u201d was published in Nature<\/em>.<\/p>\n Gallium nitride (GaN) is unique among wide-bandgap semiconductors because it has a large electronic polarization along its crystal axis, which gives each of its surfaces dramatically different physical and chemical properties. The gallium, or cation, side has proved useful for photonic devices such as LEDs and lasers, while the nitrogen, or anion, side can host transistors.<\/p>\n The team set out to make a functional device in which a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on one side drives light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the other \u2013 a feat that hasn\u2019t been achieved in any material.<\/p>\n \u201cTo our knowledge, nobody has made active devices on both sides, not even for silicon,\u201d said doctoral student and co-lead author Len van Deurzen. \u201cOne of the reasons is that there\u2019s no additional functionality you get from using both sides of a silicon wafer because it\u2019s cubic; both sides are basically the same. But gallium nitride is a polar crystal, so one side has different physical and chemical properties than the other, which gives us extra degree in designing devices.\u201d<\/p>\n The project, initially conceived at Cornell, involved work with a team at the Polish Academy of Sciences\u2019 Institute of High Pressure Physics to grow transparent GaN substrates on a single crystal wafer roughly 400 microns thick. The HEMT and LED heterostructures were then grown in Poland by molecular beam epitaxy. After the epitaxy was completed, the chip was shipped to Cornell, where Eungkyun Kim, doctoral student and co-lead author, built and processed the HEMT on the nitrogen polar face.<\/p>\n \u201cThe nitrogen polar side is more chemically reactive, which means during device processing the electron channel can be damaged quite easily,\u201d Kim said. \u201cA challenge with nitrogen polar transistor fabrication is to make sure all the plasma processes and the chemical treatment do not damage the transistors. So there was a lot of process development that had to be done for fabricating and designing that transistor.\u201d<\/p>\n Next, van Deurzen built the LED on the metal polar face, using a thick positive photo resist coating to protect the previously processed n-polar face. After each stage, the researchers measured their respective device characteristics and found they had not changed.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s actually a very feasible process,\u201d van Deurzen said. \u201cThe devices do not degrade. And this is obviously important if you want to use this as a real technology.\u201d<\/p>\n Since no one has made a double-sided semiconductor device before, the team had to invent a new method to test and measure it. They assembled a \u201ccrude\u201d double-side-coated glass plate and wire-bonded one side of the wafer to it, which allowed them to probe both sides from the top. Because the GaN substrates were transparent for the entire visible range, the light was able to transmit through. The single HEMT device succeeded in driving a large LED, turning it on and off at kilohertz frequencies \u2013 plenty for a working LED display.<\/p>\n Currently, LED displays have a separate transistor and independent fabrication processes. An immediate application for the dualtronic chip is microLEDs: fewer components, occupying a smaller footprint and requiring less energy and materials, and manufactured quicker for lower cost.<\/p>\n Other applications include Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) devices with a polarization-induced n-channel transistor (which uses electrons) on one side and a p-channel transistor (containing holes) on the other.<\/p>\n In addition, because the GaN substrates have a high piezoelectric coefficient, they can be used as bulk acoustic wave resonators for filtering and amplifying radio frequency signals in 5G and 6G communications. The semiconductors could also incorporate lasers instead of LEDs for \u201cLiFi\u201d \u2013 i.e., light-based \u2013 transmissions.<\/p>\n \u201cYou could essentially extend this to enable the convergence of photonic, electronic and acoustic devices,\u201d van Deurzen said. \u201cYou\u2019re essentially limited by your imagination in terms of what you could do, and unexplored functionalities can emerge when we try them in the future.\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p>\n For more information:<\/p>\n Cornell University<\/p>\n