The exposure of duplex stainless steels to temperatures in the range of 1100 to 1850°F can result in the formation of undesirable intermetallic compounds such as σ and χ phases.
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Although stabilized alloys do not require high-temperature annealing to avoid intergranular corrosion, the stress-relieving temperature exerts an influence on the general corrosion resistance of these alloys.
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The lower carbon content in an austenitic stainless steel slows the kinetics of carbide precipitation.
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Ferritic stainless steels are quite similar in their mechanical behavior to carbon steel. The main influence of chromium is to produce some solid solution hardening.
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The graph shows isothermal precipitation kinetics for detrimental σ/χ phases for the 254 SMO (S31254), 904L, and 317LMN alloys.
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Highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels typically contain larger amounts of molybdenum to provide very good resistance to chloride corrosion.
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The graph shows a Time-Temperature-Sensitization diagram (TTS) for 304 austenitic stainless steel with various carbon contents.
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After hot forming, tool steel usually is exposed to a heat treatment process done to produce a low-hardness condition.
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